Although mathematically elegant, back-propagation isn't perfect. Instead consider using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to train your neural network; here's how.

In this case, the protein-based neural network allows the comparison of multiple inputs and provides a single output, such as programmed cell death or differentiation.

Deep neural networks (DNNs), the machine learning algorithms underpinning the functioning of large language models (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence (AI) models, learn to make accurate ...