When a laser pulse strikes a thin metallic film, it excites electrons from the valence band—such as the d-band in copper or gold—into conduction band states, thereby creating a non-equilibrium ...

Techniques for Band Gap Engineering vary, including doping, the introduction of impurities into a semiconductor to alter its electrical properties; strain engineering, where stress is applied to ...

transitioning electrons from the valence band to the intermediate band before finally transitioning them from the intermediate band to the conduction band. IBSCs can be engineered to enhance the ...